3GPP — the partnership of telecommunications companies working on global standards — is in the final stages of narrowing down the specifications needed to establish the 5G standard. The group recently came to a consensus on the 5G New Radio Non-Standalone specification essential for the adoption and rollout of the first 5G networks. But what is it?
Originally scheduled for March 2018, the release of Non-Standalone (NSA) 5G NR was accelerated following pressure from 3GPP members involved in network operation and hardware design to speed up the development, testing, and deployment process. This announcement isn't the final product; the 5G Standalone part of the specification is expected to arrive later in 2018.
This begs the questions, what's the difference between Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone 5G? What differences will this make for user data connections in the short and long terms? Can a rollout based on the Non-Standalone specifications even be considered true 5G at all?
Standalone vs Non-Standalone
To differentiate between Standalone and Non-Standalone, we need to explore what they will offer.
Non-Standalone 5G still makes use of existing 4G LTE radio and backend technologies, and combines them with the New Radio technologies of 5G to provide faster connections to users. For brevity's sake we'll avoid the specific technical details, but you can read those here if you like.
Just know that 5G NSA and New Radio covers mostly hardware and encoding changes that will be required to reach the eventual capacity, latency, and data speed goals of 5G networks. It doesn't include specifications for any backend, infrastructure changes, like how cloud servers are organized, which would enable new 5G use cases (More about that in a moment).
The specification enables support for higher frequency carrier bands, up to 6 GHz, and lays the foundation to support very high frequency mmWave bands above 24 GHz. This will enable carriers to increase their network capacity, resulting in higher speeds. 5G NSA also includes support for advanced carrier aggregation technologies that work across bands. This includes those operating in the Wi-Fi spectrum, such as LTE-U/LAA, LWA, LSA, CBRS, and MulteFire. This type of technology is already supported by the LTE-Advanced Pro specification.
5G NSA focuses on hardware improvements for lower latency, more efficient encoding, and new spectrum aggregation techniques. 5G SA will overhaul back-end technologies too.
Standalone 5G will feature full user and control plane capability using a next-gen core network architecture. In human-speak, it will reconfigure infrastructure for cloud data behind the scenes, as well as how data is parcelled up and sent over a network. In addition, Release 16 — scheduled for next year — and later will detail the technologies used for the larger-than-6 GHz mmWave spectrum.
The next-gen 5G core architecture will enable the construction optimized virtual networks running on a unified infrastructure, known as network slicing. In other words, those running services on 5G networks will have greater control over where critical server or storage elements are positioned in the network in relation to the end user. This is particularly important when placing emphasis on low latency for critical devices at the edge of the network (autonomous vehicles) or on the need for very high bandwidth to talk to data servers (streaming 4K video).
With 5G catering to a wider range of use cases with various bandwidth and latency requirements, a more flexible and modular approach to infrastructure is required. This includes support for device-to-device, mesh, and relay networking. The diagram below highlights how different virtual networking topologies could be implemented for different use cases, despite running on the same 5G infrastructure.
5G SA will also deliver flexible subscription models and dynamic creation of services for new devices, including IoT and automotive technologies. Flexible subscription models could include one subscription for multiple devices, which may be more applicable to business-facing products. While data speeds will get a boost in the short term, major changes to the way mobile networks operate and the types of services they can support will have to wait.
The Non-Standalone specification will be fully forward-compatible with Standalone 5G, enabling networks to ramp up to a full switch. It won't be until the 5G SA specification is finalized and compatible networks begin to roll out that many of the major shifts expected with the introduction of 5G — smart city IoT, autonomous vehicles, and the like — become a real possibility. The full Release 15 specification is anticipated around June 2018, and will enable standalone 5G deployment sometime in 2020.
Is Non-Standalone true 5G?
To summarize, Non-Standalone lays the groundwork for "proper" 5G but certainly doesn't offer the full experience. It's instead focused on expediting the hardware design, testing, and adoption necessary to support the final, full version of the specification. Consumers will see faster speeds and lower latency as these changes primarily apply to enhanced mobile broadband. But it won't be until the arrival of the Standalone specification that major paradigm shifts in mobile networking — from mass machine communications to low latency autonomous vehicles — become a possibility.
Non-Standalone 5G will present faster networks for consumers, but won't yet enable next-generation use cases like mass IoT.
It's important to note there's not a single technology or component that will define 5G networks. It's a combination of a number of different technologies, which together increase the available capacity, speed, and latency of mobile networks on which consumers rely. In that sense, the first 5G networks that carriers roll out based on this Non-Standalone specification are only part of the final picture. We will soon be dipping our toes into part of what 5G can offer, but the full experience will be coming down the line once the entire standard is finalized.
It will be important to remain skeptical when carriers claim to flick on their first 5G networks. The marketing opportunities and revenue at stake by being first cannot be understated, and the parties involved have already demonstrated a willingness to accelerate the roadmap to get ahead. While the advent of 5G is truly exciting, the press and wider industry must properly scrutinize carriers' 5G claims once they come along, especially as the technologies and benefits become harder to parse. Suffice it to say: the full benefits of 5G are still a way off, despite what the carriers would like us to believe.
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